Zhengyao Lu
Researcher
Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Niño over the past 21,000 years
Author
Summary, in English
TheEl Niño SouthernOscillation(ENSO) isEarth's dominant source of interannual climate variability, but its response to globalwarming remainshighly uncertain1.To improve ourunder standing of ENSO's sensitivity to external climate forcing, it is paramount to determine its past behaviour by using palaeoclimate data and model simulations. Palaeoclimate records show that ENSO has varied considerably since the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years ago)2-9, and somedata sets suggest a gradual intensification of ENSO over the past ~6,000 years2,5,7,8. Previous attempts to simulate the transient evolution of ENSO have relied onsimplified models10 or snapshot11-13 experiments. Here we analyse a series of transient Coupled General Circulation Model simulations forced by changes in greenhouse gasses, orbital forcing, the meltwater discharge and the ice-sheet history throughout the past 21,000 years. Consistent withmost palaeo-ENSOr econstructions, our model simulates an orbitally induced strengthening of ENSO during the Holocene epoch, which is caused by increasing positive ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. During the early deglaciation, ENSO characteristics change drastically in response tomeltwater discharges and the resulting changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and equatorial annual cycle. Increasing deglacial atmospheric CO2 concentrations tend to weaken ENSO, whereas retreating glacial ice sheets intensify ENSO. The complex evolution of forcings and ENSO feedbacks and the uncertainties in the reconstruction further highlight the challenge and opportunity for constraining future ENSO responses.
Publishing year
2014-11-27
Language
English
Pages
550-553
Publication/Series
Nature
Volume
515
Issue
7528
Document type
Journal article
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
Topic
- Climate Research
- Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources
Status
Published
ISBN/ISSN/Other
- ISSN: 0028-0836