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Natascha Kljun. Photo.

Natascha Kljun

Professor

Natascha Kljun. Photo.

Bridging the Energy Balance Gap in Eddy-Covariance Measurements : Insights From Standardized Network Data

Author

  • Giacomo Nicolini
  • David Durden
  • Luca Di Fiore
  • Christopher Florian
  • Simone Sabbatini
  • Bert Gielen
  • Arne Iserbyt
  • Benjamin Loubet
  • Ivan Mammarella
  • Adriana Mariotti
  • Maarten Op de Beeck
  • Caleb Slemmons
  • Carlo Trotta
  • Adam Young
  • Abad Chabbi
  • Iris Feigenwinter
  • Bernard Heinesch
  • Natalia Kowalska
  • Matthias Mauder
  • Ladislav Šigut
  • Michiel van der Molen
  • Flavio Bastos Campos
  • Daniel Berveiller
  • Christian Brümmer
  • Matthias Cuntz
  • Jean Christophe Domec
  • Benjamin Dumont
  • Silvano Fares
  • Damiano Gianelle
  • Rasmus Jensen
  • Carmen Kalalian
  • Natascha Kljun
  • Holger Lange
  • Jean Marc Limousin
  • Erik Lundin
  • Antonio Manco
  • Leonardo Montagnani
  • Eiko Nemitz
  • Matthias Peichl
  • Erkka Rinne
  • Marilyn Roland
  • Marius Schmidt
  • Guillaume Simioni
  • Abin Thomas
  • Caroline Vincke
  • Dario Papale
Show all

Summary, in English

The lack of energy balance closure in Eddy-Covariance (EC) measurements is a well-known, still unresolved challenge in micrometeorology, with energy balance closure (EBC) rates typically ranging between 60% and 80%. While numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain this imbalance, the relative contributions of neglected energy storage terms, data quality and flux processing options remain insufficiently disentangled. Using standardized ICOS and NEON datasets, we show that a significant portion of the observed energy imbalance can be attributed to overlooked or inconsistently handled energy components and turbulent flux quality control. Using data drawn from 84 sites, we show that comprehensive energy accounting-including soil heat flux, storage terms (soil, air, biomass), photosynthetic energy demand, and strict quality filtering of turbulent fluxes-improved EBC by 16% on average, with site-specific gains up to 40%. However, we also identify a persistent residual imbalance that is unlikely to be resolved through methodological refinements or additional measurements alone, pointing to fundamental physical processes that are not accounted for in the standard measurement and processing. We argue that this unresolved imbalance should be explicitly acknowledged and bounded, rather than implicitly absorbed into correction schemes, and we outline practical guidance for diagnosing and interpreting EBC in standardized flux networks. This perspective evaluates methodological advances and residual uncertainties, providing an actionable framework for the appropriate use of EC energy fluxes in carbon, water, and climate research.

Department/s

  • Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MGeo)
  • LU Profile Area: Nature-based future solutions
  • LTH Profile Area: Aerosols
  • MERGE: ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system
  • BECC: Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate

Publishing year

2026

Language

English

Pages

e70892

Publication/Series

Global Change Biology

Volume

32

Issue

5

Document type

Article

Publisher

Wiley-Blackwell

Topic

  • Physical Geography

Keywords

  • eddy covariance
  • energy balance closure
  • FLUXNET
  • ICOS
  • NEON
  • standardization
  • SDG 13 - Climate Action

Status

Published

ISBN/ISSN/Other

  • ISSN: 1354-1013